진변형 (true strain)True strain Logarithmic measure
큰 변형에서는 공칭변형 (Δl/l₀) 대신 진변형 ε = ln(l/l₀) 가 정확.
For large deformations, true strain ε = ln(l/l₀) is the correct measure, not nominal strain Δl/l₀.
100 mm 봉을 2배 늘리면 공칭변형 = 100%, 직관적입니다. 그런데 1 mm 까지 더 늘리면 9900%, 무한히 커집니다. 진변형은 매 순간 현재 길이 기준으로 누적: 2배 늘리면 ε=ln(2)≈0.69, 100배면 ε=ln(100)≈4.6, 훨씬 자연스러운 척도. 특히 압연·압출 같은 큰 변형 (r>30%) 에서 정확. "매 순간의 변형을 적분한 것".
Doubling a 100 mm bar gives 100% nominal strain — intuitive. But stretching it 1000× gives 99,900%, growing without bound. True strain accumulates relative to the current length at each instant: doubling gives ε=ln(2)≈0.69, a 100× stretch gives ε=ln(100)≈4.6, a far more natural scale. Especially accurate for large deformations (r>30%) as in rolling or extrusion. "The integral of every instantaneous increment."
변형률의 미소 증분 (체적 보존 가정, 단축): $d\varepsilon = \dfrac{dl}{l}$
Infinitesimal strain increment (uniaxial, assuming volume conservation): $d\varepsilon = \dfrac{dl}{l}$
$l_0 \to l$ 까지 적분: $\varepsilon_{\text{true}} = \int_{l_0}^{l} \dfrac{dl}{l} = \ln\!\left(\dfrac{l}{l_0}\right)$
Integrating from $l_0$ to $l$: $\varepsilon_{\text{true}} = \int_{l_0}^{l} \dfrac{dl}{l} = \ln\!\left(\dfrac{l}{l_0}\right)$
면적 기준 (체적 보존 $l \cdot A = l_0 \cdot A_0$): $\varepsilon = \ln(l/l_0) = \ln(A_0/A)$
Area form (volume conservation $l \cdot A = l_0 \cdot A_0$): $\varepsilon = \ln(l/l_0) = \ln(A_0/A)$
공칭변형과의 관계: $\varepsilon_{\text{true}} = \ln(1+\varepsilon_{\text{nom}})$, 변형 ≤ 5%면 거의 같습니다, 30%+면 크게 차이.
Relation to nominal strain: $\varepsilon_{\text{true}} = \ln(1+\varepsilon_{\text{nom}})$. The two are nearly identical for strains below 5%; above 30% they diverge significantly.
Dieter · Mechanical Metallurgy (3rd ed.) Ch.8 · Kalpakjian · Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Ch.2.2